No, currently there’s nothing like this.
The closest feature for this is currently provided by plugin Buli Notes, available only for Krita 5.
It allows (among others) to store brushes in notes, with quick access to brushes.
Notes are stored inside kra document, but it’s possible to export/import them, so possible to reuse same notes through different documents.
Being able to link brush to a layer is interesting, but unfortunately that’s currently not possible to implement through plugin: API doesn’t provide a way to be informed when active node is changed; you can only ask which node is active.
And even if it’s possible to ask which node is currently active, I don’t like the idea to poll every X milliseconds for this.
So currently, it’s not possible to implement.
Grum999