A while ago I made my own brush with similar effect for painting stuff like paint droplets. I made mine using RGBA brushes feature in Krita:
Effect that you have shown is probably made using Layer Style either Stroke or my favorite method Inner Glow with normal mode strong Choke, dark Color and small Size:
What @CrazyCatBird had shown on Infinite Painter screenshot is how I would implement it. How it works is something like Gradient Mapping but instead of Gradient you use Single Channel that can be represented as a Curve (Infinite Painter or Soft Auto Brush) and this Curve is mapped/multiplied either on RGB channels to produce blackening or on Alpha channel to produce transparent inside and opaque edge.
Thinking more about it, allowing to do use not only Curve but also Gradient would be an interesting feature.
I was tinkering about implementing it in Krita some time ago, but I’m busy with commission work and have pending stuff for Sketch Engine that I want to work on. But some day I will probably work on it.
If somebody is interested in my brush preset here, I made a bundle:

