I'd like to be able to paint in a way, that makes multiple strokes look like the one on the right, not on the left!

I think the question is how to make opacity not compound across multiple strokes.

The solution for that would be to switch your brush painting mode to Build Up and your blending mode to Marker. You can also try using the Greater blending mode, although that will not do any color mixing unless you apply more opacity.

Edit: Marker mode exists since Krita 5.3. If you don’t see it, you might have to update.